Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) is a major cause of acute respiratory tract infections in children under five years old, leading to a range of upper and lower respiratory symptoms including colds, otitis media, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia[1, 2]. HPIV usually causes epidemics in spring and early summer. Spread occurs through direct person-to-person contact and respiratory droplets, with the virus present respiratory secretions. Initial infection begins in the nasal and oropharyngeal regions before spreading to the lower respiratory tract, reaching peak viral replication 2–5 days post-infection[3]. Disease severity correlates with infection site: mild upper respiratory infections are localized to the nasopharynx, whereas lower respiratory involvement leads to severe complications. Currently, no approved vaccines or licensed antiviral drugs exist for the prevention or treatment of HPIV[4].
HPIV is a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus in the Paramyxoviridae family[5], with a genome spanning 15.4–17.3 kb. Its genome encodes six structural proteins from the 3' to 5' end: hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein, fusion protein, matrix protein, large polymerase protein, nucleoprotein, and phosphoprotein.
HPIV is classified into four major serotypes (HPIV-1–4) based on complement fixation and hemagglutinating antigens[6]. HPIV-1 and HPIV-3 belong to the genus Respirovirus, whereas HPIV-2 and HPIV-4 (subdivided into HPIV-4A and HPIV-4B) belong to the genus Rubulavirus. HPIV-3 is the most prevalent serotype associated with pneumonia and bronchiolitis, exhibiting year-round detection with peak activity in spring/summer and high susceptibility in infants. HPIV-1 and HPIV-2 are usually associated with croup in childrend[5,7]. Co-infections are common, involving combinations of different serotypes or concurrent infections with other viruses such as influenza virus, adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, and respiratory syncytial virus[8].
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[2] DEGROOTE N P, HAYNES A K, TAYLOR C, et al. Human parainfluenza virus circulation, United States, 2011-2019 [J]. Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology, 2020, 124: 104261.
[3] 周杉杉,扈瑞平,赵培蓓,等.人副流感病毒的研究进展 [J]. 内蒙古医科大学学报, 2020, 42(02): 210-213.
[4] CHIBANGA V P, DIRR L, GUILLON P, et al. New antiviral approaches for human parainfluenza: Inhibiting the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase [J]. Antiviral research, 2019, 167: 89-97.
[5] Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 9th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2019.
[6] HALL C B. Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus [J]. N Engl J Med, 2001, 344(25): 1917-28.
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[8] VILLARAN M V, GARCíA J, GOMEZ J, et al. Human parainfluenza virus in patients with influenza-like illness from Central and South America during 2006-2010 [J]. Influenza and other
respiratory viruses, 2014, 8(2): 217-27.