The genus Campylobacter is a group of zoonotic bacteria that cause diseases in animals and humans, although some are commensal in the intestinal tract of birds and ruminants [1].The genus has currently 34 species (as of 6 May 2021), and the most common Campylobacter species are C. jejuni and C. coli, which are associated with diarrheal disease in humans[2]. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which monitors foodborne pathogens through the Foodborne Disease Surveillance Network, Campylobacter causes 1.5 million human infections in the USA each year[3], with most being caused by C. jejuni.
Campylobacteriosis is commonly acquired through the consumption of contaminated food derived from animals, consumption of other food products cross-contaminated from animal products, contact with infected animals, consumption of food products contaminated through soil or water containing animal waste, or consumption of contaminated water. Campylobacteriosis is often self-limiting with patients reporting symptoms of diarrhoea, cramping, abdominal pain and vomiting that typically last between 7 and 10 days.
The Campylobacter species cluster into five greater phylogenetic groups, with C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. upsaliensis belonging to the same group[4]. C. jejuni clonal complexes CC45 and CC21 harbor the most relevant clinical and outbreak strains and are among the most prevalent isolates. some clonal complexes of host specialists can also cause human infections through food products. Those include CC42 and CC61 that are associated with cattle and sheep, and several clonal complexes associated with chicken, including CC257, CC353 or CC443[5]. Other lineages such as CC177 and CC682 can be isolated from wild birds and water, causing the so-called water-born Campylobacter infections[6].
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[1] Sahin O, Yaeger M, Wu Z, et al. Campylobacter-Associated Diseases in Animals[J]. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 2017, 5(1): 21-42.
[2] García-Sánchez L, Melero B, Jaime I, et al. Biofilm formation, virulence and antimicrobial resistance of different Campylobacter jejuni isolates from a poultry slaughterhouse[J]. Food Microbiology, 2019, 83: 193-199.
[3] CDC. 2019 AR Threats Report[EB/OL]. (2024-2024.05.14https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/biggest-threats.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fdrugresistance%2Fbiggest_threats.html.)
[4] Costa D, Iraola G. Pathogenomics of Emerging Campylobacter Species[J]. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2019, 32(4): e00072-18.
[5] Sheppard S K, Cheng L, Méric G, et al. Cryptic ecology among host generalist Campylobacter jejuni in domestic animals[J]. Mol Ecol, 2014, 23(10): 2442-51.
[6] Mohan V, Stevenson M, Marshall J, et al. Campylobacter jejuni colonization and population structure in urban populations of ducks and starlings in New Zealand[J]. Microbiologyopen, 2013, 2(4): 659-73.