弯曲杆菌属由一组人畜共患菌组成,其中有些细菌可在鸟类和反刍动物的肠道中共生。该属目前有34个物种(截至2021年5月6日),最常见的是空肠弯曲菌(C. jejuni)和大肠弯曲菌(C. coli),它们与人类的腹泻疾病有关。美国疾病预防控制中心数据显示,在美国弯曲杆菌每年引起150万例人感染,其中大多数病例由C. jejuni引起。
弯曲菌病通常通过摄入动物来源的被污染的食品、动物产品交叉污染的其他食品,以及接触受感染动物,食用含有动物粪便的土壤或饮用污染的水而患病。弯曲菌病一般具有自限性,临床症状包括腹泻、绞痛、腹痛和呕吐,通常持续7-10日。
弯曲杆菌属可分为5个系统发育群,其中C. jejuni、C. coli和C. upsaliensis属于同一群。C. jejuni克隆复合体CC45和CC21包含临床和暴发相关菌株,是最容易分离到的菌株。一些克隆复合体也可以通过食品引起人类感染,例如与牛、羊相关的CC42和CC61,以及与鸡相关的CC257、CC353或CC443。其他谱系如CC177和CC682,可以从野生鸟类和水中分离,导致水源性弯曲杆菌感染。
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