人偏肺病毒（hMPV）属于Pneumoviridae科、偏肺病毒属，于2001年首次在荷兰发现。hMPV是一种球形包膜病毒，直径约209纳米。其基因组为非节段、单股负链RNA，长度约13.3 kb，包含八个基因编码九种蛋白质：核蛋白（N）、磷蛋白（P）、基质蛋白（M）、融合蛋白（F）、基质-2蛋白（M2-1和M2-2）、小疏水蛋白（SH）、吸附蛋白（G）和RNA聚合酶（L）。
根据F基因和G基因的遗传特征，hMPV毒株分为四种基因型（A1、A2、B1和B2），并进一步细分为六个谱系（A1、A2a、A2b、A2c、B1和B2）。值得注意的是，hMPV的基因型或谱系存在显著的地域性差异。在中国，已鉴定到至少五个谱系（A1、A2b、A2c、B1和B2），且hMPV谱系构成比例存在省际或区域差异。总体而言，A2b、B1和B2谱系已成为中国的优势毒株，而A1谱系仅在少数地区检测到。
hMPV呈全球分布，其感染具有明显的季节性流行高峰，多见于冬季高峰期。该病毒主要通过气溶胶或直接接触传播，潜伏期3-5天。病毒首先定植鼻咽黏膜，然后迅速侵入呼吸道并感染宿主细胞。初次感染通常表现为轻度上呼吸道疾病，临床症状从发热、不适、呕吐到喘息、肺炎、哮吼、毛细支气管炎不等，还可能出现结膜炎、中耳炎、腹泻、皮疹、癫痫发作和肝功能检查异常等不常见症状。目前治疗方法以对症支持为主，包括氧疗、使用退热药和抗炎药，维持电解质平衡。
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