猪链球菌周围被多糖荚膜包围,是一种兼性厌氧、革兰氏阳性、卵状或球状细菌。猪链球菌是一种人畜共患病原菌,可导致猪和人患败血症和脑膜炎。人可以通过密切接触或食用生的、未煮熟的、被污染的猪肉制品而感染猪链球菌。1954年猪链球菌首次被报道,它导致仔猪脑膜炎、败血症、化脓性关节炎的暴发。14年后,丹麦报道了首例人感染猪链球菌的病例。
基于多位点序列分型,猪链球菌可分为1000多种ST型。其中分离自猪的ST1、ST25和ST28菌株最常见,且每种ST型展现出不同的地理优势。猪链球菌种群中存在许多克隆复合体(CCs),引起猪和人感染的最重要的克隆复合体有CC1、CC13/149、CC16、CC17、CC20、CC25、CC28、CC94、CC104、CC233、CC221/234、CC1109、CC1112和CC1237。北美通常为CC25(加拿大)和CC28(美国和加拿大)菌株。CC1菌株在欧洲、亚洲和南美洲有流行;CC20主要分布于荷兰;CC104和CC233(ST233、ST379和ST1656)曾导致猪链球菌在泰国的流行;在欧洲,CC16和CC94中分离自猪的菌株占据主导地位,此外CC94菌株在泰国也引发了人间病例。
血清型鉴定是目前猪链球菌分型的金标准。根据荚膜多糖抗原类型,猪链球菌最初被分为35种血清型(1/2和1–34)。由于其中6种血清型(20、22、26、32、33和34)属于其他细菌,所以官方报道的猪链球菌血清型数量已减少至29种。然而2010年后,中国出现了21/29、NCL21-NCL26和Chz新血清型。其中,血清型2是主要的、可感染人的血清型,能够引发严重的疾病和链球菌中毒性休克综合征(STSS),这也是2005年四川省猪链球菌暴发导致死亡的主要原因。引发STSS的猪链球菌可能通过水平基因转移获得了含有多个毒力基因的89 kbp致病性岛(89 K PAI)。此外,猪链球菌中最常见的毒力标志物还包括muramidase-released protein(MRP)、extracellular protein factor(EF)和hemolysin suilysin(SLY),这些蛋白与血清型2菌株的毒力相关。
目前,已测序的猪链球菌基因组中含有对四环素、大环内酯、氨基糖苷、氯霉素和其他抗菌药物耐药的基因。与其他链球菌相同,猪链球菌中许多耐药基因都是由整合/接合元件、转座子、基因组岛、噬菌体和嵌合元件携带的。据报道,猪链球菌菌株对青霉素和氨苄西林敏感;高达85%的菌株对大环内酯类、林克酰胺类、四环素类和磺胺类药物具有耐受性。自2010年以来,人感染猪链球菌的病例数大幅提升,且大多病例来自于东南亚地区。
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